Effects of land cover and air pollution on the risk of preterm births.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS: The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS: The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas.

Effects of land cover and air pollution on the risk of preterm births / Efeitos da cobertura de solo e poluição do ar no risco de nascimentos prematuros

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between gestational age and green areas, urban built areas, and the concentration of particulate matter 2.5 (PM2.5) in the city of São Paulo, analyzing the irregular distribution of these areas and pollution levels above the recommended level. METHODS The study population consisted of a cohort of live births from 2012, and data from the Live Birth Information System (Sinasc) of the city of São Paulo were used. Using satellite images and supervised classification, the distribution and quantity of green areas and built areas in the city of São Paulo was obtained, as well as the concentrations of PM2.5. Logistic regressions were used to obtain possible associations. RESULTS The results of the study show that a lower percentage of green areas is significantly associated with a higher chance of preterm births. A higher building density was positively associated with the odds ratio for preterm birth. We did not find any significant associations between air pollution (PM2.5) and preterm births. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study show that greener areas are less associated with preterm births when compared with less green areas.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar a associação entre a idade gestacional e as áreas verdes, áreas construídas urbanas e a concentração de material particulado 2,5 (MP2,5) em São Paulo, analisando a distribuição irregular dessas áreas e os níveis de poluição acima do recomendado. MÉTODOS A população utilizada no estudo foi a dos nascidos vivos no ano de 2012, com os dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivo (Sinasc) na cidade de São Paulo. Por meio de imagens de satélites e realizando a classificação supervisionada, obtivemos a distribuição e quantidade de áreas verdes e de áreas construídas, na cidade de São Paulo, assim como as concentrações de MP2,5. Regressões logísticas foram utilizadas para obter possíveis associações. RESULTADOS Os resultados do estudo mostram que menor percentual de áreas verdes está associado significativamente com maior chance de prematuridade. Maior densidade de construção foi associada positivamente com a razão de chance de nascimento prematuro. Não encontramos resultados significativos entre a poluição do ar (MP2,5) e prematuridade. CONCLUSÕES Os resultados deste estudo demostraram que áreas mais verdes em relação às áreas menos verdes são menos associadas a nascimentos prematuros.

Dietary Pattern Influences Gestational Weight Gain: Results from the ProcriAr Cohort Study-São Paulo, Brazil.

The maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) and gestational weight gain (GWG) influence maternal and infant outcomes. This study identified patterns of habitual dietary intake in 385 pregnant women in São Paulo and explored their associations with excessive weight gain (EGWG). Weight at the first visit (<14 weeks) was used as a proxy for pre-pregnancy weight. Food consumption was assessed using the 24HR method, administered twice at each gestational trimester, and dietary patterns were identified by principal component analysis. Three dietary patterns were identified: "Vegetables and Fruits," "Western," and "Brazilian Traditional." Descriptive data analysis was performed using absolute and relative frequencies for each independent variable and multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression was used to analyze excessive gestational gain weight (EGWG) and dietary patterns (DP). The Brazilian Traditional dietary pattern showed a protective effect on EGWG (p = 0.04) and age > 35 years (p = 0.03), while subjects overweight at baseline had a higher probability of EGWG (p = 0.02), suggesting that the identification of dietary and weight inadequacies should be observed from the beginning of pregnancy, accompanied by nutritional intervention and weight monitoring throughout the gestational period to reduce risks to the mother and child's health.

Individual exposure to urban air pollution and its correlation with placental angiogenic markers in the first trimester of pregnancy, in São Paulo, Brazil.

Pollution of the atmosphere is known that may lead to adverse obstetric outcomes, including fetal growth restriction, gestational hypertension, and preeclampsia. Such disorders are correlated with imbalances in angiogenic factors, which may also be involved in the pathological mechanism as the pollutants impact placental and maternal physiology. In the first trimester of gestation, this study assessed the outcomes of personal maternal short period exposure to air pollution on soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) and placental growth factor (PLGF) of pregnant women blood concentrations. This was a cross-sectional study, held in the city of São Paulo, Brazil, and conducted with low-risk pregnant women, who carried personal passive nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3) monitors for about a few days preceding the ultrasound evaluation, and on this day, the venous blood sample was collected to measure the angiogenic factors sFlt1 and PLGF and their ratio (sFlt1/PLGF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). By means of multiple regression models, the effect of the studied pollutants on the log-transformed concentrations of the angiogenic factors was evaluated. One hundred thirty-one patients were included. The log of the sFlt1/PLGF ratio increased with rising NO2 levels (p = 0.021 and beta = 0.206), and the log of the PLGF concentration showed a negative correlation with NO2 (p = 0.008 and beta = - 0.234). NO2, an indicator of the levels of primary air pollutants, presented significant positive correlation with an increased sFlt1/PLGF ratio and diminished PLGF levels, which may reflect an antiangiogenic state generated by air pollution exposure.

Avaliação da implantação do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional no município de São João da Boa Vista - SP / Evaluation of the implementation of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System in São João da Boa Vista - SP

O Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (Sisvan) tem como propósito principal avaliar e monitorar o estado nutricional e a situação alimentar da população. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o grau de implantação do Sisvan no município de São João da Boa Vista; para isso foi construído um modelo lógico definindo-se os indicadores de implantação, através da avaliação das condições das instalações físicas; equipamentos; disponibilidade de manuais; materiais de apoio técnico; adequação de recursos humanos e financeiros destinados a esse fim, bem como a adesão e as dificuldades com o sistema. Os resultados mostraram uma implantação parcial média e incipiente. O valor atribuído ao conjunto de indicadores foi 34%. As principais dificuldades foram estrutura física e equipamentos (33%) falta de impressos e de informações (22%), recursos humanos insuficientes 93%). Diante disso constata-se a necessidade da realização de treinamentos a fim de solucionar os pontos levantados durante a avaliação.

Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil: desafios para a sua implantação em um município da Grande São Paulo / Breastfeeding and Feeding Strategy Brazil: challenges for its implementation in a municipality of Greater São Paulo

Ações direcionadas à alimentação e nutrição podem proporcionar benefícios às crianças, aumentando as chances de desenvolvimento pleno, notadamente o cognitivo, com forte impacto na redução da mortalidade infantil. Nesse cenário, a promoção do Aleitamento Materno e da Alimentação Complementar Saudável constituem-se em estratégias fundamentais. Sendo assim, esse artigo destaca, a partir de uma pesquisa avaliativa, alguns desafios para implantação da Estratégia Amamenta e Alimenta Brasil no âmbito da Atenção Básica em um município da Grande São Paulo.

Small-Scale Variations in Urban Air Pollution Levels Are Significantly Associated with Premature Births: A Case Study in São Paulo, Brazil.

Premature birth is the result of a complex interaction among genetic, epigenetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. We evaluated the possible associations between air pollution and the incidence of prematurity in spatial clusters of high and low prevalence in the municipality of São Paulo. It is a spatial case-control study. The residential addresses of mothers with live births that occurred in 2012 and 2013 were geo-coded. A spatial scan statistical test performed to identify possible low-prevalence and high-prevalence clusters of premature births. After identifying, the spatial clusters were drawn samples of cases and controls in each cluster. Mothers were interviewed face-to-face using questionnaires. Air pollution exposure was assessed by passive tubes (NO2 and O3) as well as by the determination of trace elements' concentration in tree bark. Binary logistic regression models were applied to determine the significance of the risk of premature birth. Later prenatal care, urinary infection, and hypertension were individual risk factors for prematurity. Particles produced by traffic emissions (estimated by tree bark accumulation) and photochemical pollutants involved in the photochemical cycle (estimated by O3 and NO2 passive tubes) also exhibited significant and robust risks for premature births. The results indicate that air pollution is an independent risk factor for prematurity.

Dietary patterns are influenced by socio-demographic conditions of women in childbearing age: a cohort study of pregnant women.

BACKGROUND: Women's health during their reproductive years and whilst pregnant has implications for their children's health, both in utero and during childhood. Associations of women's pre-pregnancy dietary patterns (DP) with maternal socio-demographic characteristics and nutrient intake were investigated in ProcriAr cohort study in São Paulo/Brazil, 2012. METHODS: The DPs of 454 women were investigated by principal component factor analysis, using dietary information from a validated 110-item food frequency questionnaire. Multiple linear regression models identified independent associations between DPs and maternal socio-demographic characteristics and Spearman's correlation determined associations between DPs and nutrients intake. RESULTS: Participants' mean age was 26.1 years (standard deviation = 6.3), 10.3% had more than 8 years of formal education, 30% were migrants from outside of the Southeast of Brazil, 48% were employed, 13% were smokers, and 51% were overweight/obese. Four DPs were derived: 'Lentils, whole grains and soups,' 'Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks,' 'Seasoned vegetables and lean meats,' and 'Sweetened juices, bread and butter, rice and beans'. The 'Lentils, whole grains and soups' score was positively related to maternal age, being non-smoker and born in the South, North or Midwest of Brazil. The 'Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks' score was positively related to higher maternal education, and negatively related to age, lack of formal work and being born in the Northeast region. The 'Seasoned vegetables and lean meats' score was positively related to higher maternal education. The 'Sweetened juices, bread and butter, rice and beans' score was positively related to unemployment and to no family history of hypertension, and negatively related to maternal overweight and obesity. Dietary intake of fruits and vegetables, foods that require preparation, nutrients from one-carbon metabolism, protein, iron, calcium and vitamin D were correlated with the 'Seasoned vegetables and lean meats'. Dietary intake of sugar-sweetened and alcoholic beverages, industrialized and takeaway foods, and foods rich in sugar, energy, fat, and synthetic folate were correlated with the 'Snacks, sandwiches, sweets and soft drinks'. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study add perspectives to be considered in the implementation of health interventions, which could improve women's nutritional status and provide an adequate environment for the developing fetus.

Consumo de leites em menores de um ano de idade e variáveis associadas ao consumo de leite não materno / Milk consumption in infants under one year of age and variables associated with non-maternal milk consumption

RESUMO Objetivos: Verificar o tipo de leite consumido por crianças menores de um ano de idade e identificar variáveis associadas ao consumo de leite não materno (LNM) - fórmula infantil ou leite de vaca (LV). Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado durante a Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra Poliomielite 2012. Os acompanhantes de 935 crianças menores de um ano responderam a um questionário estruturado sobre a alimentação da criança nas últimas 24 horas. As estimativas são apresentadas por pontos e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Adotou-se a estatística F para verificar diferenças na proporção de consumo dos tipos de leite segundo a faixa etária das crianças (<6 meses e 6-11 meses) e a associação entre o consumo de leite não materno e as variáveis estudadas. Resultados: O consumo de leite materno e fórmula infantil foi maior entre as crianças menores de 6 meses - sendo 82,8% (IC95% 78,5-86,3) e 70,4% (IC95% 61,4-78,0), respectivamente -, enquanto o de leite de vaca foi maior entre as crianças de 6 a 11 meses - 74,2% (IC95% 66,5-80,6) -, com diferenças nas proporções de consumo (p<0,0001). As variáveis associadas ao maior consumo de leite de vaca foram: menor escolaridade materna (p<0,0001), o fato de a mãe não trabalhar fora (p=0,0015), a criança consultar na rede pública de saúde (p<0,0001) e participar do Programa Leite das Crianças - PLC (p<0,0001). Conclusões: As crianças receberam leite de vaca precocemente (antes do primeiro ano de vida), em especial aquelas pertencentes às famílias de menor nível socioeconômico e inseridas em programa social específico para recebimento de leite.

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the type of milk consumed by children under one year of age and identify variables associated with non-maternal milk consumption (formula or cow milk). Methods: Cross-sectional study developed during the 2012 National Vaccination Campaign against Poliomyelitis. The companions of 935 children under one year of age answered a structured questionnaire on the child's diet in the last 24 hours. The estimates are presented by points, with 95%CI. F-statistics were used to check for differences in the proportion of the types of milk consumption according to the children's age range (<6 months and 6-11 months) and the association between non-maternal milk consumption and the study variables. Results: The consumption of maternal milk and child formula was higher for children under six months of age - corresponding to 82.8% (95%CI 78.5-86.3) and 70.4% (95%CI 61.4-78.0), respectively -, whereas the consumption of cow milk was higher among children between 6 and 11 months of age - 74.2% (95%CI 66.5-80.6) -, with differences in the consumption proportions (p<0.0001). The variables associated with higher cow milk consumption were lower maternal education (p<0.0001), the fact that the mother does not have a paid occupation (p=0.0015), child doctor's appointment in the public health network (p<0.0001) and participation in the Child's Milk Program (p<0.0001). Conclusions: The infants received cow's milk early (before the first year of life), especially children from families with lower socioeconomic levels and children who took part in a specific social program for milk distribuition.

Feeding and nutritional profiles of children at 12 months of age living in the western region of the city of São Paulo: The Procriar Project / Perfil alimentar e nutricional de crianças no final do primeiro ano de vida residentes na região Oeste do município de São Paulo: Projeto ProcriAr

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the feeding profiles, nutritional statuses and influences of maternal characteristics on food consumption of infants at the end of the first year of life. Methods This is a cross-sectional study nested within a cohort of pregnant women that evaluated children with a mean age of 12.1 months. The weights and lengths were measured, and the body mass index was calculated. Food consumption was obtained through 24-hour recall and was assessed qualitatively. The outcomes studied dichotomously (yes/no) were overweight (body mass index ≥+2 Z-scores), consumption of foods considered unhealthy (i.e., sugar, petit suisse cheese, sandwich crackers, and soft drinks), consumption of fruits, legumes and vegetables and a minimum acceptable diet composed of minimum dietary diversity and minimum meal frequency. Logistic regression models were constructed to evaluate the association between maternal variables and the outcomes studied. Results A total of 254 infants were evaluated, of whom 10.7% were overweight. The majority of the infants did not receive a minimum acceptable diet (58.7%), 28.0% consumed petit suisse cheese and 42.0% received added sugar in their preparations. Mothers less than 20 years old or with more schooling were more likely to offer unhealthy foods to their children (.=0.03). Fruits, legumes and vegetables (consumption was higher among children of mothers over 20 years old (.=0.04). Conclusion The study revealed a high prevalence of overweight and an inadequacy of food consumption among children. The finding that adolescent mothers and/or mothers with more schooling tend to offer inadequate food to children may favor the definition of specific educational strategies.

RESUMO Objetivo Analisar o perfil alimentar, o estado nutricional e a influência das características maternas sobre o consumo alimentar de lactentes ao final do primeiro ano de vida. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal aninhado a uma coorte de gestantes que avaliou crianças com idade média de 12,1 meses. Foram aferidos o peso e comprimento e calculado o índice de massa corporal. O consumo alimentar foi obtido através de recordatório de 24 horas, avaliado de forma qualitativa. Os desfechos estudados dicotomicamente (sim/não) foram: sobrepeso (índice de massa corporal ≥+2 score-Z), consumo de alimentos considerados não saudáveis (açúcar, queijo petit suisse, bolacha recheada, refrigerantes entre outros), consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras e dieta mínima aceitável composta pela diversidade mínima da dieta e frequência mínima de refeições. Foram construídos modelos de regressão logística para avaliar a associação entre variáveis maternas e os desfechos estudados. Resultados Foram avaliados 254 lactentes sendo 10,7% classificados com excesso de peso. A maioria não recebeu dieta mínima aceitável (58,7%), 28,0% consumiram queijo petit suisse e 42,0% receberam açúcar adicionado às preparações. Mães com menos de 20 anos ou com maior escolaridade tiveram maior chance de oferecer ali-mentos não saudáveis aos filhos (p=0,03). O consumo de frutas, legumes e verduras foi maior entre os filhos de mães acima de 20 anos (p=0,04). Conclusão O estudo revelou alta prevalência de sobrepeso e inadequação do consumo alimentar entre as crianças. A identificação de que mães adolescentes e/ou com maior escolaridade tendem a oferecer alimentação inadequada às crianças pode favorecer a definição de estratégias educativas específicas.

MILK CONSUMPTION IN INFANTS UNDER ONE YEAR OF AGE AND VARIABLES ASSOCIATED WITH NON-MATERNAL MILK CONSUMPTION. / CONSUMO DE LEITES EM MENORES DE UM ANO DE IDADE E VARIÁVEIS ASSOCIADAS AO CONSUMO DE LEITE NÃO MATERNO.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the type of milk consumed by children under one year of age and identify variables associated with non-maternal milk consumption (formula or cow milk). METHODS: Cross-sectional study developed during the 2012 National Vaccination Campaign against Poliomyelitis. The companions of 935 children under one year of age answered a structured questionnaire on the child's diet in the last 24 hours. The estimates are presented by points, with 95%CI. F-statistics were used to check for differences in the proportion of the types of milk consumption according to the children's age range (<6 months and 6-11 months) and the association between non-maternal milk consumption and the study variables. RESULTS: The consumption of maternal milk and child formula was higher for children under six months of age - corresponding to 82.8% (95%CI 78.5-86.3) and 70.4% (95%CI 61.4-78.0), respectively -, whereas the consumption of cow milk was higher among children between 6 and 11 months of age - 74.2% (95%CI 66.5-80.6) -, with differences in the consumption proportions (p<0.0001). The variables associated with higher cow milk consumption were lower maternal education (p<0.0001), the fact that the mother does not have a paid occupation (p=0.0015), child doctor's appointment in the public health network (p<0.0001) and participation in the Child's Milk Program (p<0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: The infants received cow's milk early (before the first year of life), especially children from families with lower socioeconomic levels and children who took part in a specific social program for milk distribuition.

OBJETIVOS: Verificar o tipo de leite consumido por crianças menores de um ano de idade e identificar variáveis associadas ao consumo de leite não materno (LNM) - fórmula infantil ou leite de vaca (LV). MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal realizado durante a Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra Poliomielite 2012. Os acompanhantes de 935 crianças menores de um ano responderam a um questionário estruturado sobre a alimentação da criança nas últimas 24 horas. As estimativas são apresentadas por pontos e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC95%). Adotou-se a estatística F para verificar diferenças na proporção de consumo dos tipos de leite segundo a faixa etária das crianças (<6 meses e 6-11 meses) e a associação entre o consumo de leite não materno e as variáveis estudadas. RESULTADOS: O consumo de leite materno e fórmula infantil foi maior entre as crianças menores de 6 meses - sendo 82,8% (IC95% 78,5-86,3) e 70,4% (IC95% 61,4-78,0), respectivamente -, enquanto o de leite de vaca foi maior entre as crianças de 6 a 11 meses - 74,2% (IC95% 66,5-80,6) -, com diferenças nas proporções de consumo (p<0,0001). As variáveis associadas ao maior consumo de leite de vaca foram: menor escolaridade materna (p<0,0001), o fato de a mãe não trabalhar fora (p=0,0015), a criança consultar na rede pública de saúde (p<0,0001) e participar do Programa Leite das Crianças - PLC (p<0,0001). CONCLUSÕES: As crianças receberam leite de vaca precocemente (antes do primeiro ano de vida), em especial aquelas pertencentes às famílias de menor nível socioeconômico e inseridas em programa social específico para recebimento de leite.

Longitudinal study of lung function in pregnant women: Influence of parity and smoking.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pulmonary function in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and analyze the influence of parity and smoking on spirometry parameters. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective study included a cohort of 120 pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were as follows: singleton pregnancy, gestational age less than 13.86 weeks, and no preexisting maternal diseases. The exclusion criteria were as follows: change of address, abortion, and inadequate spirometry testing. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02807038. RESULTS: A decrease in values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume were noted in the first second from the first to third trimester. In the first and third trimesters, multiparous women demonstrated lower absolute forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second compared with nulliparous women (p<0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). Multiparous women demonstrated reduced forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75% of the maneuver compared with nulliparous women in the first (p=0.005) and third (p=0.031) trimesters. The absolute values of forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75%, forced expiratory volume in the first second and predicted peak expiratory flow values in the third trimester were higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p=0.042, p=0.039, p=0.024, and p=0.021, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second during pregnancy. Parity and smoking significantly influence spirometric variables.

Longitudinal study of lung function in pregnant women: Influence of parity and smoking

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate pulmonary function in the first and third trimesters of pregnancy and analyze the influence of parity and smoking on spirometry parameters. METHODS: This longitudinal prospective study included a cohort of 120 pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were as follows: singleton pregnancy, gestational age less than 13.86 weeks, and no preexisting maternal diseases. The exclusion criteria were as follows: change of address, abortion, and inadequate spirometry testing. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02807038. RESULTS: A decrease in values of forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume were noted in the first second from the first to third trimester. In the first and third trimesters, multiparous women demonstrated lower absolute forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second compared with nulliparous women (p<0.0001 and p=0.001, respectively). Multiparous women demonstrated reduced forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75% of the maneuver compared with nulliparous women in the first (p=0.005) and third (p=0.031) trimesters. The absolute values of forced expiratory flow in 25% to 75%, forced expiratory volume in the first second and predicted peak expiratory flow values in the third trimester were higher in smokers compared with nonsmokers (p=0.042, p=0.039, p=0.024, and p=0.021, respectively). CONCLUSION: There was a significant reduction in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume values in the first second during pregnancy. Parity and smoking significantly influence spirometric variables.

Proposal of indicators to evaluate complementary feeding based on World Health Organization indicators.

This study compares complementary feeding World Health Organization (WHO) indicators with those built in accordance with Brazilian recommendations (Ten Steps to Healthy Feeding). A cross-sectional study was carried out during the National Immunization Campaign against Poliomyelitis in Guarapuava-Paraná, Brazil, in 2012. Feeding data from 1,355 children aged 6-23 months were obtained through the 24 h diet recall. Based on five indicators, the proportion of adequacy was evaluated: introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods; minimum dietary diversity; meal frequency; acceptable diet; and consumption of iron-rich foods. Complementary feeding showed adequacy higher than 85% in most WHO indicators, while review by the Ten Steps assessment method showed a less favorable circumstance and a high intake of unhealthy foods. WHO indicators may not reflect the complementary feeding conditions of children in countries with low malnutrition rates and an increased prevalence of overweight/obesity. The use of indicators according to the Ten Steps can be useful to identify problems and redirect actions aimed at promoting complementary feeding.

Práticas de aleitamento materno de crianças menores de dois anos de idade com base em indicadores da Organização Mundial da Saúde / Breastfeeding practices of children under two years of age based on World Health Organization indicators

Objetivo Avaliar práticas de aleitamento materno de crianças menores de dois anos de idade com base em indicadores da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Métodos Estudo transversal realizado durante Campanha Nacional de Vacinação contra Poliomielite 2012 em Guarapuava, Paraná. Os acompanhantes de 1.814 crianças responderam ao questionário estruturado sobre alimentação da criança nas últimas 24 horas. Foram avaliados nove indicadores de aleitamento materno da Organização Mundial da Saúde. As estimativas foram calculadas por pontos e intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados Das crianças avaliadas, 79,3% (IC95,0%=76,2-82,0) foram colocadas para mamar na primeira hora de vida. Apesar de 96,0% (IC95,0%=94,6-97,0) das crianças iniciarem a amamentação, a prevalência de aleitamento materno exclusivo em menores de 6 meses foi baixa: 36,0% (IC95,0%=30,7-41,7). A prevalência da continuidade do aleitamento materno com um e dois anos foi de 35,8% (IC95,0%=30,0-42,1) e 21,1% (IC95,0%=16,2-27,0) respectivamente. A duração mediana do aleitamento materno foi de 351,6 dias (IC95,0%=330,3-373,0), totalizando 11,7 meses. O aleitamento materno em idade apropriada, levando-se em conta a prevalência de aleita-mento materno exclusivo em menores de 6 meses, a alimentação complementar e a continuidade do aleitamento materno entre crianças de 6 a 23 meses, foi de 27,9% (IC95,0%=25,0-31,0), sendo influenciado pela baixa continuidade do aleitamento materno. A proporção de crianças que utilizaram mamadeira foi elevada: 78,3% (IC95,0%=75,8-80,6). Conclusão As práticas de aleitamento materno evidenciaram situação ruim ou muito ruim para a prática do aleitamento materno exclusivo em menores de seis meses, continuidade do aleitamento materno (um ano, dois anos e duração mediana do aleitamento materno), aleitamento materno em idade apropriada e uso da mamadeira. .

Objective Evaluate breastfeeding practices of children under two years of age based on World Health Organization indicators. Methods A cross-sectional study conducted during the National Immunization Campaign against Polio in Guarapuava, Paraná, Brazil, in 2012. The companions of 1,814 children answered a structured questionnaire about the child's diet in the last 24 hours. Nine breastfeeding indicators proposed by World Health Organization were assessed. The estimates were calculated as points (point estimates) with 95% confidence intervals. Results Among the children being evaluated, a total of 79.3% (95.0%CI=76.2-82.0) were breastfed within one hour after birth. Although breastfeeding began for 96.0% (95.0%CI=94.6-97.0) of children, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children younger than six months was low, 36.0% (95.0%CI=30.7-41.7). The prevalence of continued breastfeeding at 1 and 2 years was 35.8% (95.0%CI=30.0-42.1) and 21.1% (95.0%CI=16.2-27.0), respectively. The median duration of breastfeeding was 351.6 days (95.0%CI=330.3-373.0) or 11.7 months. Age-appropriate breastfeeding, which evaluates the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in children younger than six months, complementary feeding, and continued breastfeeding among children of 6-23 months, was 27.9% (95.0%CI= 25.0-31.0). This indicator was influenced by low continued breastfeeding rates. The proportion of bottle-fed children was high, 78.3% (95.0%CI=75.8-80.6). Conclusion This study evidenced poor or very poor breastfeeding practices with regard to exclusive breastfeeding in children younger than six months, continued breastfeeding (1 year, 2 years, and median duration of breastfeeding), age-appropriate breastfeeding, and bottle feeding. .

Situation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding in a medium-sized municipality in the Ribeira Valley, São Paulo / Situação da amamentação e alimentação complementar em um município de médio porte do Vale do Ribeira, São Paulo

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the situation of breastfeeding and complementary feeding in the city of Registro, São Paulo. METHODS: This cross-sectional study collected sociodemographic and feeding information of infants aged less than one year who participated in the 2011 multiple vaccine campaign. Breastfeeding and complementary feeding were analyzed by indicators proposed by the World Health Organization. The association between outcomes (exclusive breastfeeding and introduction to complementary feeding) and the explanatory variables (maternal and child characteristics) was investigated by the Poisson model with a robust error variance. RESULTS: We analyzed 713 children. The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding was 50.0%. Children who were breastfed exclusively on the first day at home (PR=2.40; 95%CI=1.42-4.06) and not given pacifiers (PR=1.95; 95%CI=1.153.30) were more likely to be exclusively breastfed. The complementary feeding indicators showed that 62.1% of the children aged 6 to 8.9 months consumed fruit plus savory mashes. None of the explanatory variables was significantly associated with this outcome. CONCLUSION: The study identified inappropriate infant feeding practices. Such studies can contribute to the proposal of policies, which is particularly important in an unfavorable social development context characterized by the study city. .

OBJETIVO: Analisar a situação da amamentação e alimentação complementar no município de Registro, São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal no qual foram coletadas informações sobre alimentação e dados sociodemográficos de crianças menores de um ano que participaram da campanha de multivacinação de 2011. Foram consideradas elegíveis todas as crianças menores de um ano que participaram da campanha de vacinação, a fim de garantir a representatividade das informações para o município. Realizou-se a análise dos indicadores de aleitamento materno e alimentação complementar, propostos pela Organização Mundial de Saúde. A associação entre os desfechos (aleitamento materno exclusivo e introdução da alimentação complementar) e as variáveis explanatórias (características maternas e infantis), realizou-se por meio do modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. RESULTADOS: Foram analisados dados de 713 crianças. A prevalência do aleitamento materno exclusivo de 0 a 6 meses foi de 50,0%. As crianças que estavam mamando exclusivamente no primeiro dia em casa (RP=2,40; IC95%=1,424,06) e não usavam chupeta (RP=1,95; IC95%=1,15-3,30) foram as que apresentaram maior chance de aleitamento materno exclusivo. Ao analisar os indicadores de alimentação complementar, observou-se que a proporção de crianças de 6 a 8,9 meses que consumiram fruta mais papa salgada foi de 62,1%. Nenhuma das variáveis explanatórias mostrou associação significativa com esse desfecho. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo identificou práticas de alimentação infantil inadequadas. A realização de estudos desse tipo pode contribuir para a formulação de propostas de intervenção, o que se torna particularmente relevante em um contexto de desenvolvimento social pouco favorável, como o que caracteriza o município estudado. .

[Assessing complementary feeding practices in the first two years of life: a proposal for indicators and a monitoring tool]. / Avaliação da alimentação complementar nos dois primeiros anos de vida: proposta de indicadores e de instrumento.

The aim of this article is to propose indicators and a tool for monitoring complementary feeding in under-two children in Brazil, describing its formulation. The study constructed a theoretical model of attributes, components, and markers of complementary feeding that serves as the basis for systematizing the feeding recommendations related to key concepts in the model. The recommendations were transformed into indicators. A questionnaire was constructed, based on the indicators' variables. Two workshops were held with specialists in complementary feeding to discuss the indicators and the instrument, in addition to four pretests with the target population. The study presents 18 indicators related to the timing, nutritional adequacy, and safety of complementary feeding, as well as a questionnaire that allows the construction of the proposed indicators. The model can be applied in surveys with face-to-face or telephone interviews or in activities in health services to monitor food consumption. Further research is necessary to validate the questionnaire.

Avaliação da alimentação complementar nos dois primeiros anos de vida: proposta de indicadores e de instrumento / Assessing complementary feeding practices in the first two years of life: a proposal for indicators and a monitoring tool / Evaluación de la alimentación suplementaria en los dos primeros años de vida: propuesta de indicadores e instrumentos

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar indicadores e instrumento para monitoramento da alimentação complementar entre crianças menores de dois anos no Brasil, descrevendo seu processo de formulação. Com base em um modelo teórico sobre atributos, componentes e marcadores de alimentação complementar construído neste estudo, foram sistematizadas as recomendações alimentares referentes a conceitos-chave desse modelo. Essas recomendações foram transformadas em indicadores. Um questionário foi construído com base nas variáveis desses indicadores. Foram realizadas duas oficinas com especialistas em alimentação complementar para discussão sobre os indicadores e o instrumento e quatro pré-testes com a população de interesse. São apresentados 18 indicadores referentes à oportunidade, à adequação nutricional e à segurança da alimentação complementar, e um questionário que permite a construção dos indicadores propostos. Ele pode ser aplicado em inquéritos com entrevistas face a face, por telefone ou em atividades de monitoramento do consumo alimentar em serviços de saúde. São necessárias pesquisas ulteriores para a validação deste questionário.

The aim of this article is to propose indicators and a tool for monitoring complementary feeding in under-two children in Brazil, describing its formulation. The study constructed a theoretical model of attributes, components, and markers of complementary feeding that serves as the basis for systematizing the feeding recommendations related to key concepts in the model. The recommendations were transformed into indicators. A questionnaire was constructed, based on the indicators' variables. Two workshops were held with specialists in complementary feeding to discuss the indicators and the instrument, in addition to four pretests with the target population. The study presents 18 indicators related to the timing, nutritional adequacy, and safety of complementary feeding, as well as a questionnaire that allows the construction of the proposed indicators. The model can be applied in surveys with face-to-face or telephone interviews or in activities in health services to monitor food consumption. Further research is necessary to validate the questionnaire.

El objetivo fue presentar indicadores y un instrumento de monitoreo para la alimentación complementaria entre niños menores de dos años en Brasil, describiendo el proceso de formulación. A partir de un modelo teórico de atributos, componentes y marcadores de alimentación complementaria, se sistematizaron las recomendaciones dietéticas sobre los conceptos clave del modelo. Estas recomendaciones se transformaron en indicadores. Se confeccionó un cuestionario, basado en las variables de los indicadores. Se realizaron dos talleres con expertos en alimentación complementaria para el debate sobre los indicadores y el instrumento y cuatro pruebas previas con la población de interés. El estudio presenta 18 indicadores respecto a oportunidad, adecuación nutricional y seguridad de la alimentación complementaria, y un cuestionario que permite la construcción de los indicadores propuestos. Puede ser aplicado en investigaciones científicas con entrevistas cara a cara, por teléfono o en actividades de monitoreo de la ingesta de alimentos en los servicios de salud. Son necesarias más investigaciones para validar el cuestionario.

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